Pendekatan Kontekstual Terhadap Kriteria Fakir Miskin Dalam Mazhab Syafi’i Di Indonesia
Keywords:
Poverty, Shāfiʿī school, BPS, ʿUrf, Minimum WageAbstract
The issue of poverty and destitution (faqīr and miskīn) has been a perennial concern throughout history, both as a social problem and as a subject of religious discourse. In Islamic thought, poverty is not merely an economic matter but also a collective responsibility of the ummah, regulated through the instruments of zakāt, ṣadaqah, and infaq. In Indonesia, poverty is officially measured by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) using 14 quantitative indicators, whereas scholars of the Shāfiʿī school define the poor more substantively as those unable to fulfill their basic daily needs even if they still possess certain assets. This study aims to analyze the concepts of faqīr and miskīn according to the Shāfiʿī school, compare them with BPS standards, and assess their relevance in the Indonesian context. The research employs a qualitative approach through library research, utilizing primary sources such as classical and contemporary Shāfiʿī fiqh texts, as well as secondary sources including academic literature and government regulations. The findings reveal a fundamental difference between the BPS criteria, which emphasize material and quantitative aspects, and the Shāfiʿī approach, which is more flexible through the consideration of ʿurf (local custom/social context). The study proposes that national poverty criteria be aligned with the real needs of society as reflected in the regional minimum wage (UMR), thereby making them more contextually relevant to the principles of Islamic justice as well as modern socio-economic dynamics. Consequently, integrating the Shāfiʿī perspective with governmental standards is expected to yield a more comprehensive, equitable, and applicable understanding of poverty in Indonesia.
References
Al-Bukhari, M. I. (n.d.). Sahih al-Bukhari. Beirut: Dar Ibn Katsir.
Al-Malibari, Z. A. (n.d.). Fath al-Mu’in bi Syarh Qurrat al-‘Ain. Surabaya: Al-Hidayah.
Al-Nawawi, Y. (n.d.). Al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Muhadzdzab. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Qasimi, J. (n.d.). Qawa’id al-Tahdith min Funun Musthalah al-Hadith. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Qur’an al-Karim. (n.d.). Mushaf al-Madinah al-Munawwarah. Kompleks Percetakan al-Qur’an Raja Fahd.
Al-Suyuthi, J. (n.d.). Al-Asybah wa al-Nazair. Kairo: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Syaukani, M. (n.d.). Nayl al-Awthar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Syirbini, S. al-D. (n.d.). Mughni al-Muhtaj. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Ali, A. (2006). Islam and Poverty: The Rich, the Poor and the Duty in Between. Markfield: The Islamic Foundation.
Azmi, S. H. (2019). Zakat as an instrument of eradicating poverty in Muslim societies: A case study of Malaysia. International Journal of Zakat, 4(1), 1–15.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Profil Kemiskinan di Indonesia September 2019. Jakarta: BPS.
Beik, I. S., & Arsyianti, L. D. (2015). Construction of CIBEST model as measurement of poverty and welfare indices from Islamic perspective. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 7(1), 87–104.
Chapra, M. U. (2000). The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Hafidhuddin, D. (2002). Zakat dalam Perekonomian Modern. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.
Hassan, M. K., & Ashraf, A. (2010). Poverty reduction and microfinance: Evidence from Muslim countries. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, 6(2), 65–92.
Ibn Nujaim, Z. A. (n.d.). Al-Asybah wa al-Nazair. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Ismail, A. G. (2019). Integrating zakat, waqf, and Islamic microfinance for poverty alleviation. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12(2), 216–234.
Kahf, M. (1999). The Principle of Socio-Economic Justice in Islam. Jeddah: Islamic Research and Training Institute.
Kementerian Sosial Republik Indonesia. (2019). Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2011 tentang Penanganan Fakir Miskin. Jakarta: Kementerian Sosial RI.
Khan, M. F. (2013). Poverty and zakah distribution: A micro-level study. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, 9(3), 27–45.
Mannan, M. A. (1997). Teori dan Praktek Ekonomi Islam. Yogyakarta: Dana Bhakti Wakaf.
Moleong, L. J. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif (Edisi Revisi). Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Muslim, I. al-H. (n.d.). Sahih Muslim. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Nasution, H. (2013). Islam Rasional: Gagasan dan Pemikiran. Bandung: Mizan.
Obaidullah, M. (2008). Role of microfinance in poverty alleviation: Lessons from experiences in selected IDB member countries. Jeddah: Islamic Research and Training Institute (IRTI).
Qardhawi, Y. (2005). Fiqh al-Zakah: A Comparative Study of Zakah, Regulations and Philosophy in the Light of Qur’an and Sunnah. Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risalah.
Rahman, F. (1982). Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rahayu, N., & Setiawan, H. (2019). Analisis indikator kemiskinan multidimensional di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 20(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v20i2.12345
Sadeq, A. M. (2002). Waqf, perpetual charity and poverty alleviation. International Journal of Social Economics, 29(1/2), 135–151.
Suharto, E. (2009). Kemiskinan dan Perlindungan Sosial di Indonesia: Menggagas Model Jaminan Sosial Universal Bidang Kesehatan. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Asutay, M. (2007). A political economy approach to Islamic economics: Systemic understanding for an alternative economic system. Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, 1(2), 3–18.
Haneef, M. A. (1995). Contemporary Islamic Economic Thought: A Selected Comparative Analysis. Kuala Lumpur: Ikraq.
Iqbal, M., & Mirakhor, A. (2011). An Introduction to Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.). Singapore: Wiley.
Kuran, T. (2012). The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lewis, M. K., & Algaoud, L. M. (2001). Islamic Banking. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Maududi, A. A. (1960). First Principles of Islamic Economics. Lahore: Islamic Publications.
Metwally, M. M. (1997). Economic Consequences of Applying Islamic Principles in Muslim Societies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Naqvi, S. N. H. (1994). Islam, Economics, and Society. London: Kegan Paul.
Rosly, S. A. (2005). Critical Issues on Islamic Banking and Financial Markets. Kuala Lumpur: Dinamas.
Siddiqi, M. N. (1983). Issues in Islamic Banking. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.
Siddiqi, M. N. (2001). Economics of Tawarruq: How Its Mafasid Overwhelm the Masalih. Jeddah: IRTI.
Timur Kuran. (1997). Islam and underdevelopment: An old puzzle revisited. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 153(1), 41–71.
Zarqa, M. A. (2003). Stability of Islamic finance: A proposal for an inter-bank money market. Islamic Economic Studies, 10(2), 1–44.
Zuhayli, W. (1997). Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuh (Vol. 1–8). Damaskus: Dar al-Fikr.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi, Ahmad Mujaddid
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
