Standarisasi Status ‘Aqil Bagi Penderita Sakit Jiwa, Gangguan Mental dan Kelainan Hormon: Analisis Integratif Fikih Kedokteran dan Psikologi Klinis

Abstract

This study examines the standardization of the status of 'Aqil (rationality/sanity) as a pivot of legal responsibility (manāṭ al-taklīf) in Islamic jurisprudence for individuals suffering from mental illness, psychological disorders, and hormonal imbalances. While classical fiqh provides a robust framework through the concept of 'awāriḍ al-ahliyyah (impediments to legal capacity), contemporary psychiatric advancements, specifically the DSM-5, and endocrinological findings regarding hormonal influences on cognitive functions, necessitate a re-evaluation of how legal sanity is determined. This research uses a qualitative-normative approach through a comprehensive literature review of classical Sunni texts (Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanafi, and Hanbali) and modern medical literature. The findings indicate that 'Aqil status is not a binary condition but a spectrum. Severe hormonal disorders, such as hyperthyroidism, can induce psychotic-like states that impair the 'Aql. From the perspective of Uṣūl al-Fiqh, the tripartite classification of insanity (junūn)—absolute, intermittent, and partial—must be synchronized with clinical diagnosis to ensure justice in worship, transactions, and criminal liability. The study proposes a standardized hybrid assessment model involving medical experts and Sharia jurists to protect the "Hifẓ al-'Aql" (preservation of intellect) and "Hifẓ al-Nafs" (preservation of life).