Implementasi Pelatihan Psikologis Berbasis Cognitive Behavioral Approach Untuk Meningkatkan Fokus Atlet: Tinjauan Literatur
Keywords:
Cognitive Behavioral Approach, psychological training, attentional focus, athletic performance, cognitive restructuringAbstract
This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of implementing psychological training based on the Cognitive Behavioural Approach (CBA) in enhancing athletes’ focus through a comprehensive literature review. Attentional focus is a key determinant of athletic performance, while attentional disruption is often triggered by cognitive distortions, competitive anxiety, and maladaptive performance evaluation processes. This research employed a systematic literature review design by searching articles in Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases using keywords related to CBA interventions and attentional control in athletes. Inclusion criteria comprised articles published between 2018 and 2025, empirical research, and studies incorporating CBA interventions or cognitive-behavioural techniques within sporting contexts. Five selected articles were analysed using a thematic synthesis approach to identify intervention patterns and underlying psychological mechanisms of change. The results indicate that CBA consistently enhances self-regulation abilities, reduces negative thinking, strengthens coping strategies, and stabilises athletes’ focus in complex competitive situations. Interventions combining cognitive restructuring, self-regulation training, and attentional techniques were found to be more effective than conventional mental training. Thus, this study concludes that CBA is a robust, evidence-based approach for optimising athletes’ focus and should be systematically integrated into modern sports training programmes.
References
Abdoshahi, M. (2024). Effects of an intervention based on cognitive-behavioral therapy on emotional well-being of athletic adolescents with injuries. Physical Activity in Children (PACH), 1(2), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.61186/pach.2024.488934.1038
Ahmed, A. S., Qudus, A., Munawar, A., Karim, R., Liaqat, U., & Tabassum, M. F. (2024). The role of cognitive-behavioral therapy in improving athletes’ performance: A systematic review. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 1–13.
Anderson, A. G., Miles, A., Mahoney, C., & Robinson, P. (2002). Evaluating the effectiveness of applied sport psychology practice: Making the case for a mixed-method approach. Sport Psychologist, 16(4), 432–453.
Beckmann, J., & Elbe, A.-M. (2015). Sport psychological interventions in competitive sports. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 1–12.
Birrer, D., & Morgan, G. (2010). Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete’s performance in high-intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(Suppl. 2), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01188.x
Blumenstein, B., Bar-Eli, M., & Tenenbaum, G. (2002). Biofeedback applications in sport psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 372–398.
Bonetti, R., Rod, B., & Hauw, D. (2024). Quality of mobile apps for psychological skills training in sport: A MARS-based study. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.12970
Brown, D. J., Arnold, R., Standage, M., & Fletcher, D. (2017). Thriving on pressure: A factor mixture analysis of sport performers’ responses to competitive encounters. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(6), 423–437.
Carson, H. J., & Collins, D. (2016). The fourth dimension: A motoric perspective on the anxiety–performance relationship. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 26–43.
Cotterill, S. (2017). Preparing athletes for the Olympic Games: Training and psychological considerations. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 13(2), 23–32.
Doron, J., & Gaudreau, P. (2014). A point-by-point analysis of performance in a tennis competition: Associations with emotions, appraisals, and coping. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(3), 261–276.
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 669–678.
Fronso, S., & Budnik-Przybylska, D. (Eds.). (2023). Special Issue: Sport psychology interventions for athletes’ performance and well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043712
Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2007). The psychology of enhancing human performance: The mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) approach. Springer.
Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics of Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172–204.
Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. Wiley.
Hayslip, B., Petrie, T., MacIntyre, J., & Jones, T. (2010). Cognitive training in sport: Theoretical frameworks and applications. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(2), 117–138.
Isorna-Folgar, M., Leirós-Rodríguez, R., López-Roel, S., & García-Soidán, J. L. (2022). Effects of a cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention on the rowers of the junior Spain national team. Healthcare, 10(12), 2357. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122357
Kaiseler, M., Polman, R., & Nicholls, A. (2012). Effects of the cognitive-behavioral intervention on stress appraisal and coping among athletes. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(1), 57–73.
Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2018). Mindful sport performance enhancement: Mental training for athletes and coaches. APA.
Kreher, J. B., & Schwartz, J. B. (2012). Overtraining syndrome: A practical guide. Sports Health, 4(2), 128–138.
Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. Sport Psychologist, 14(3), 229–252.
Lonsdale, C., & Tam, J. T. M. (2008). On the temporal and conceptual links between self-talk and self-confidence. Journal of Sport Sciences, 26(14), 1529–1545.
Mahoney, M. J. (1989). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. Sport Psychologist, 3(4), 245–257.
Moran, A. (2012). Sport and exercise psychology: A critical introduction. Routledge.
Motevalli, S., Sulaiman, T., Ghani Hamzah, M. S., Hossein Abadi, F., & Abdul Rahman, M. N. (2022). Athletes’ psycho-physical training and cognitive restructuring module to enhance university-athlete students’ well-being. The Open Psychology Journal, 15, Article e187435012210070. https://doi.org/10.2174/18743501-v15-e221018-2022-13
Neff, K. D., Henshaw, J., & Leary, M. R. (2013). The relation between mindfulness and performance under pressure. Journal of Sport Behavior, 36(3), 226–241.
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C., & Levy, A. R. (2012). Coping self-efficacy, pre-competitive anxiety, and subjective performance among athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(1), 97–106.
Pates, J., Oliver, D., & Maynard, I. (2001). The effects of hypnosis on flow states and golf performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32(3), 325–335.
Pelka, M., Raab, M., & Johnson, J. (2017). Decision-making and attentional control in elite athletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 6(2), 190–204.
Reinebo, G., Alfonsson, S., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Rozental, A., & Lundgren, T. (2024). Effects of psychological interventions to enhance athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(2), 347–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01931-z
Reyes-Bossio, M., et al. (2022). Effects of psychological interventions on high-performance athletes: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1068376. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1068376
Simons, J. (1996). The use of cognitive-behavioral interventions in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8(2), 120–133.
Stanger, N., Hides, J., & Wilson, S. (2018). Psychological determinants of focus and concentration in elite athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(19), 2210–2220.
Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. (2011). Effects of self-talk training on competitive anxiety. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(3), 298–316.
Vealey, R. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. Handbook of Sport Psychology, 3, 287–309.
Wang, W., Schweickle, M. J., Arnold, E. R., & Vella, S. A. (2025). Psychological interventions to improve elite athlete mental wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 55(4), 877–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02173-3
Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. R. (2008). Cognitive expertise and decision making in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 1–16.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Andriano Krisantus Boro Tokan, Marzuki Galeko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
